BASIC THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT RABIES
Rabies is a deadly viral disease that affects both animals and humans. It is primarily transmitted through the bite, scratch, or saliva of an infected animal, most commonly dogs. Once clinical signs appear, rabies is almost always fatal, making prevention and early intervention extremely important. Pet vaccination and responsible ownership remain the most effective means of control.
Recent reports of rabies outbreaks in some communities in Enugu State highlight the urgent need for increased public awareness and proactive preventive measures, especially in rural areas. The majority of dogs in these communities are either unvaccinated or under-vaccinated. In addition to the efforts of the State Government and professional bodies such as the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA), pet owners, community leaders, and other stakeholders must take responsibility to ensure the virus is contained and ultimately eradicated, in line with the global goal of eliminating rabies by the year 2030.
HOW DOES RABIES TRANSMIT?
Rabies is transmitted when the virus in an infected animal’s saliva enters the body, usually through broken skin or mucous membranes. This commonly occurs when an infected animal (especially a dog) bites or scratches a person, or when saliva comes into contact with an open wound, eyes, nose, or mouth.
Other possible routes include:
- Licking of open wounds by infected animals
- Handling infected animals without proper protection
After entering the body, the virus initially replicates in the muscle cells (myocytes) at the site of the bite. This phase may last from a few days to several weeks and is usually without symptoms. The virus then travels from the site of entry through the peripheral nerves to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) via retrograde axonal transport.
COMMON SIGNS OF RABIES IN ANIMALS
- Sudden aggression or unusual behavior
- Excessive salivation (foaming at the mouth)
- Restlessness or aimless movement
- Difficulty swallowing
- Paralysis or weakness
- Unprovoked biting
Any animal showing these signs should be considered a suspected rabies case and strictly avoided.
PREVENTIVE (CONTAINMENT) MEASURES FOR THE PUBLIC
- Vaccinate Pets Regularly: Ensure all dogs and cats are vaccinated annually against rabies, keep records up to date, and participate in campaigns.
- Restrict Animal Movement: Do not allow pets to roam freely; keep dogs within secured compounds and use leashes.
- Avoid Contact with Stray Animals: Teach children to stay away from unknown dogs and avoid stray mixing.
- Report Suspected Cases Immediately: Alert nearest veterinarian or local authorities.
- Immediate First Aid After Animal Bites: Wash the wound immediately with soap and clean running water for at least 10–15 minutes, clean with methylated spirit or lugol iodine, and seek urgent medical care for post-exposure treatment.
- Promote Community Awareness: Share rabies facts with family and neighbors.
Stay informed. Stay safe.